FUKUSHIMA — Tetsuo Sakuma has loaded his small pickup with all it can carry. There's not much of value: a television, some books, boxes of clothes, snatched in haste from a home he may never sleep in again.
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| Cracked facade: Cracks run through the wall of the Fukushima No. 1 plant's visitor center. Below: Tetsuo Sakuma loads his pickup with his belongings in the town of Okuma, just a few kilometers from the stricken nuclear plant. DAVID MCNEILL |
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"We hope to come back, but it's difficult to tell when," he says.
As he talks, he glances toward a hulking suite of concrete buildings nestling behind trees about 2 km away. The Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant has driven him out of the house in the town of Okuma where he has lived all his life.
"We've rented an apartment in Iwaki," explains his adult son, Takashi. He says hundreds of people from the area have moved to Iwaki, about 30 km away and on the edge of the government-designated evacuation perimeter.
"Almost everyone has gone," adds Tetsuo, tightening a rope around his belongings. "We only came back to get our stuff. The hardest thing is not knowing when we will return."
Okuma has all the appearances of a typical town. There's a post office with its bright red sign, a couple of convenience stores and a gas station. Shiny police cars are lined up outside the police station in adjacent Futaba; two smiley cartoon faces beckon customers into the Mister Tire-Man garage; a huge gaudy sign advertises the Tsubame Pachinko Parlor. All that's missing from the area is people.
In their place, dogs roam the streets, abandoned by their owners. Alien figures in radiation suits, gas masks and respirators peer from passing vehicles. A police car slows and the two masks inside tell the Sakumas, father and son, to get quickly to safety. "It's dangerous here. Please take shelter, for your own sake."
Three weeks ago, this picture-postcard farming region, 250 km northeast of Tokyo, was going about its business. When the March 11 quake came, it tore up bridges and roads, toppled houses and triggered colossal tsunami. That was but a prelude to what followed as the twin disasters knocked out the Fukushima plant's cooling systems, the start of a nightmare from which this sleepy region has yet to awake.
When the explosions at the complex began, the government declared a 20-km evacuation zone around the plant, telling another 140,000 people living between 20 km and 30 km away to seal themselves indoors. The declaration was considered arbitrary, unscientific, even callous. "The government is leaving us to die," the emotional mayor of Minamisoma told the media.
Chief Cabinet Secretary Yukio Edano gave what was seen as conflicting statements about the dangers. Supplies stopped coming as delivery workers refused to drive into the area, shops closed and government officials began driving around in protective suits. Those locals who had the means to leave did. Many old, poor and ill people stayed.
Last Friday, the prime minister's office finally issued a voluntary evacuation order to residents in the 20- to 30-km zone, after earlier admitting that radiation levels in some areas outside 30 km could exceed 100 millisieverts, a level considered dangerous over a period of more than 24 hours.
The order was sent quietly the night before to "avoid confusion," Kyodo News reported.
"I'm not confused, I'm just scared," says Takashi Sakuma. "You can't see radiation."
On the drive up toward the nuclear plant, buses carrying about half a dozen men in white radiation gear travel in the opposite direction. Technicians battling to bring the plant under control can only work for short periods before being withdrawn and sent for decontamination.
Earlier this week, the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency said the level of radiation near the No. 2 reactor is now 1,000 millisieverts an hour. Exposure of 100 millisieverts a year is considered a cancer risk. In the shadow of the plant, the few local people who venture back to the area in cars to pick up their belongings wear pollen masks — akin to wearing socks while walking over hot coals.
Some carry Geiger counters.
"The reading now is 56 millisieverts," says Masaru Onuki, who has slowed and rolled down his window to warn me of the most dangerous area farther along the coast, where he has detected 69 microsieverts or more.
"It's OK as long as you don't stay too long."
Until March 11, visitors to the plant would have driven up to the reception center, which is surrounded by trees blocking it off from the six reactors. On the glass doors, two cartoon characters would have welcomed them inside for a talk by Tokyo Electric Power Co. on the 40-year-old plant's safety record.
The quake and tsunami broke the glass door and drove a crack through the wall sign advertising the center. While I'm photographing it, a security guard in a protective suit approaches. "You can't come here," he says. "Where is your suit?" I don't have one, I tell him. "You must leave the area."
According to experts in the area, the radioactivity is not evenly spread in circles: There are places outside the 30-km zone that are more radioactive than inside.
"In some places between 30 km and 50 km from the reactor, the reading was above 100 microsieverts per hour," says Jan van de Putte, Greenpeace International's radiation expert, who is part of a team monitoring the outskirts of the evacuation zone.
"You were irradiated, but if you didn't spend too much time it is OK at the current radiation levels. But if something goes really wrong inside the plant, you have a chance not to survive it."
How far before it is safe? The road away winds into the mountains and eventually arrives at a town called Tamura, between 20 km and 30 km from the crippled plant. It, too, is eerily quiet, a Marie Celeste for the atomic age.
Hironobu Matsumoto and his son, Makoto, drive a pickup down the empty main street. "Almost everybody left after the earthquake," the younger Matsumoto recalls. "We can't because we have a sick old person inside our house who can't be moved. But there aren't many like us. It's difficult to know when they'll be back. I mean, who knows what will happen to the nuclear plant?"
Outside the deserted police station, a local man stops his car to talk. Kingo Watanabe, 86, has been here since March 11, and isn't moving. Isn't he afraid of the radiation?
"Compared to what happened in the war, I'm not afraid," he says.
When the Americans bombed Tokyo, he was in the army, assigned to shoot them down with antiaircraft guns. The Americans kept coming. "We lived through Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the radiation then was far worse. I'll live through this."
As centrais nucleares de Onagawa e Higashidori sofreram infiltrações após o terramoto que ontem voltou a abalar oJapão. Este teve lugar a 66 quilómetros de Sendai e a 116 de Fukushima. O sismo, de magnitude 7,4 na escala de Richter, foi também sentido em Tóquio. 
